2nd set of Questions - Elizabeth Phan

Review Questions – 1828-1876
5. What inventions and innovations opened up the West?
• Samuel Slater was nicknamed “Father of the Factory System” for building the 1st cotton thread spinner where he learned the textile machinery from working in the British factory.
• Eli Whitney built a cotton gin which was 50 times more effective than separating cotton seed by hand.
• Northern factories manufactured textiles (cloth), especially in new England due to its poor soil, dense labor, access to sea and fast rivers for water power.
• Eli Whitney introduced machine-made inter-changeable parts ( on muskets) in 1859 which was the base of the assembly line which flourished in the North.
• Elias Howe & Issac Singer ( 1846) made the sewing machine (the foundation of clothing industry)
• John Deere invented the steel plow that cut through hard soil and could be pulled by horses.
• Cyrus McCormick invented the mechanical mower, a reaper to harvest grain.
• The Lancaster Turnpike is a hard road from Philadelphia to Lancaster, it brought economic expansion westward.
• The federal government constructed the Cumberland Road also known as the National Road (Maryland-Illinois).
• Robert Fulton invented the first steamboat, the Clermont in 1807.
• Government DeWitt Clinton’s Big Ditch was the Erie Canal between Lake Erie and the Hudson River.
• The 1st railroad in the U.S was introduced in 1828.

10. What were the positives and negatives of Southern rural life?
Positives:
• After the gin was invented, growing cotton became wildly profitable and easier.
• The South produced more than half the world’s supply of cotton and held an advantage over countries like England.
• South had better soil for cropping than the North

Negatives:
• Families owned more than 100 slaves each, they were the wealthy aristocracy of the South with big houses and huge plantations.
• The Southern aristocrats widened the gap between the rich and the poor and hampered public-funded education by sending their children to private schools.
• Cotton production spoiled the earth and even though profits were quick and high, the land was ruined, and cotton producers were always in need of new land.
• Slaves caused many planters to plunge deep into debt.
• South repelled immigrants from Europe, who went to the North instead.

15. What was the platform of the Know-Nothing Party?
• Severe limits on immigration, especially from Catholic counties.
• Restricting political office to native-born Americans of English and/or Scottish lineage and Protestant persuasion.
• Mandating a wait of 21 years before an immigrant could gain citizenship.
• Restricting public school teacher position to Protestants.
• Mandating daily Bible reading in public schools.
• Restricting the sale of liquor.
• Restricting the use of languages other than English.

20. In what ways was Reconstruction a failure?
• The conflict between the President and Congress on who should decide the punishment for the Confederates.
• Southern whites rejected all forms of equality, and blacks wanted nothing but full freedom and land of their own, this caused frequent and inevitable riots.
• Dropped prices in crops, dropped by 50%, main crops such as tobacco, rice and sugar also declined.
• Presidency over lines of authority.
• Johnson repeatedly vetoed Republican-passed bills, such as a bill extending the life of the Freedman’s Bureau, and he also vetoed the Civil Rights Bill, which conferred on blacks the privilege of American citizenship and struck at the Black Codes.

Key Questions 1876-1914: Gilded Age
5. How effective were early labor unions in combating widespread misery?
• Grant veto a bill that would print paper money and the Resumption Act of 1875 pledged the government to further withdraw greebacks and made all further redemption of paper money in gold at face value. Debtors now cried that silver was under-valued.
• The Populist Party emerged in 1892 from disgruntled farmers.
o Their main call was for inflation via free coinage of silver.
o They called for a litany of items including a graduated income tax, government regulation of railroads and telegraphs/telephones, direct elections of U.S senators, a one term limit, initiative and referendum, a shorter workday, and immigration restriction.
• About 8,00 American business houses collapsed in six months, and dozens of railroad lines went into the hands of receivers.

10. What effect did Western Expansion have on Native Americans?
• Native Americans had no other place to go, pushed farther west.
• American influence.
• A lot died from the Trail of Tears, or killed by disliking Americans.
• Cause rivalry and competition among other tribes because they have less land now.
• Americans changed the land so drastically that the native population could no longer subsist in the same way they had for generation.
• Lost in culture and tradition.
• The Ghost dance was a dance the Natives did as a way to pray to the Gods but Americans misinterpret it as a plan to rebel against the U.S and so many were killed for false accusations.
• Doubting the American trusts because they were promised land.
• Forced to live like third class citizens.

15. To what extent could Cubans, Filipinos, and Hawaiians find fault with America’s foreign policy?
• Finds America to be a imperialistic bully.
• Cubans may see America as an internationalist for helping them separate from Spain and the Teller Amendment proclaimed it would give Cubans their freedom and U.S would not conquer it.
• Filipinos find America untrustworthy, hoping for American’s help to secede from Spain too, the did not realize that Americans would take control under Filipinos finding them unfit to govern on their own.
• Hawaiians were persuaded by American born Hawaiians into annexing Hawaii into America. Queen Liliuokalni disagreed but was later dethroned.

Progressive Era
20. What were the key figures and the key issues involved in the movement for African-American and Women’s equality?
• Women were an indispensable catalyst in the progressive army. They couldn’t vote or hold political office, but were active none-the-less. Women focused their changes on family-oriented ills such as child labor.
• Progressives also made major improvements in the fight against child labor, especially after a 1911 fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company in NYC which killed 146 workers, mostly young women.
• The landmark case of Muller vs. Oregon (1908) found attorney Louis D. Brandeis persuading the Supreme Court to accept the constitutionality of laws that protected women workers.
• Alcohol also came under the attack of Progressives, as prohibitionist organizations like the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), founded by Frances E. Willard, and the Anti-Saloon League were formed.
• By 1920, Wilson persuades Congress in passing the 19th amendment allowing all sex to finally be vote.
• W.E.B Du Bois demands immediate equality for blacks, first African American to graduate from Harvard, wanted increase in political representation for blacks in order to guarantee civil rights.
• Booker T. Washington supported the black community and raised educational funds. Believed in cooperation with supportive whites was the only way to overcome racism.
• Marcus Garvey preaches black solidarity and black pride.

Foreign Policy
25. To what extend were Woodrow Wilson’s idealistic views accepted by Americans and the world?
• Wilson tackled the “triple wall of privilege: the tariff, the banks and the trusts. To tackle the tariff, Wilson successfully helped in the passing of the Underwood Tariff of 1913, which substantially reduced import fees and enacted a graduated income tax.
• Wilson pleaded congress for a sweeping reform of the banking system creating the new Federal Reserve board which oversaw a nationwide system of twelve regional reserve districts, each with its own central bank, and had the power to issue paper money.
• In 1914, Congress passed the Federal Trade Commission Act, which empowered a president-appointed position to investigate the activities of trusts and stop unfair trade practices such as unlawful competition, false advertising, mislabeling, adulteration, & bribery. The 1914 Clayton Anti-Trust Act lengthened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act’s list of practices that were objectionable, exempted labor unions from being called trusts (as they had been called by the Supreme Court under the Sherman Act), and legalized strikes and peaceful picketing by labor union members.
• The Workingmen’s Compensation Act of 1916 granted assistance of federal civil-service employees during periods of instability but was invalidated by the Supreme Court.
• The Fourteen Points were a set of idealistic goals for peace. The main points were:
o No more secret treaties.
o Freedom of the seas was to be maintained.
o A removal of economic barriers among nations.
o Reduction of armament burdens.
o Adjustment of colonial claims in the interests of natives and colonizers.
o Self-determination or independence for oppressed minority groups who’d choose their government.
o A League of Nations, an international organization that would keep the peace and settle world disputes.